The Electra was certainly capable of 200 mph for at a velocity of 293 ft/sec the drag is 1130lbs and the H.P. Note:There has been speculation that the Nukumanu Atoll ring was misplaced (positioned on charts to the West of where it actually is) on navigational charts and Noonan aimed for the position thathe thought was correct, that this was the reason for the error. Together with Baker Island it forms part of the Phoenix Islands. -176.6173 or 176 37' 2" west. The U.S. Navydesignated position for this vessel was 3o 05 S, 165o00E. He confessed to Amelia next morning he had a bit of a head, and her comment was, Naughty boy, Freddie. That was the only drink session we had, and to suggest he was inebriated before they took off is mischievous nonsense. The AoE is considered as the 12th time zone in the USA. Howland Island is 25h behind Line Islands. Nukumanu must have been part of the colonial apportioning to the Solomons in 1888. Some areas on earth use a time zone of +13 hours UTC or even +14 hours UTC. These places are the areas where any date exists. Several people heard the call but only Chief Bellarts was able to discern the words: Cloudy and overcast., The meaning of that call was ominous and would mean that no Astro Navigation was possible. It began with a rotating group of four alumni and students from the Kamehameha School for Boys, a private school in Honolulu. However, the weather forecast warned of rain squalls to the east in a region of low pressure 250 miles away from Lae and south of the island of New Britain around the area of Gasmata on the south coast of the island. Earhart radioed the PR at 0718 GMT when they were probably five minutes away from Nukumanu (gone past Nukumanu), giving Noonan the time to work out where they were (where they hadbeen), when they turned onto the direct track for Howland. The rest of the pages are concerning the other ports which Earhart was to transit through on the World Flight and the pages are written as if the flight moves from east to west. I can assure you all tanks were absolutely full the wing tanks and those inside the fuselage. The power set for the different distances thatoccurred during the World Flight falls into two regimes. Additionally, the USACE survey failed to locate the architectural features described by Hague though they concede this may be due to the destruction of these features later during the construction of an airstrip. Total would then be 3156. For the Electra at Sea Level, the tables on page 30 state that VL/D. Los Angeles + 4 hours: Chicago + 6 hours: New York + 7 hours: Toronto + 7 hours: So Paulo + 9 hours: London + 1 2 hours: UTC + 1 2 hours: Lagos + 1 3 hours: Paris + 1 3 hours: Simple arithmetic. The United States claimed Howland in 1857, along with nearby Baker Island, under the Guano Act of 1856. [11][12] Daniel MacKenzie of the American whaler Minerva Smith was unaware of Worth's sighting when he charted the island in 1828 and named it after his ship's owners[13] on December 1, 1828. A pilot therefore, can work out a flight time such as this and add this to his take-off time so that if an Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at a destination is required, he can pass this on to the destination with a calculated time if there is a time zone change because of the distance. Choiseul to 0718 GMT near Nukumanu, 255 Sm in 2 hours = Average G/S 127 Smph. To be able to ascertain that this is what Noonan did find out, he would have had to take star shots overhead the Ontario. on For travel planning advice, please refer to our Rome2rio Coronavirus information page . Many times in the past, I have tried to use the Lockheed figures for power settings on this flight and the speeds that the fairly high power settings produce do not slot-in with the actual figures of time and distance that Earhart transmitted in the sparse examples whenshe did transmit. Near Nukumanu to USS Ontario, 394 Sm in 3.3 hours delivering an average G/S of 119 Smph or Noonan positively knew by taking a sighting over the ship to give 421 Sm in 3.3 hours = Average G/S 127.5 Smph, the G/S at the Ontario of either 112 Smph or 127 Smph. June 30th and July 1st, from Tutuila Radio: (American Samoa). Probable G/S at the PR of 132 Smph. Compared to the Sector speeds the Overall Average speed is almost the same. basically a straight line from Lae to Howland Island over the curvature of the Earth. The first recorded sighting of the island (1822) was by George Worth, a Nantucket whaling-ship captain, who named it Worth Island. If a pilot as an operator of a particular aircraft studies the L/D Ratio and tabulates the best L/D speed to fly for a given AUW, then the least fuel will be used because the aircraft will be flying with the least aerodynamic drag. A TikTok user has gone viral after explaining how two islands have a 21-hour time difference despite being just three miles apart. Put a free analog web clock for Back to the 1745 GMT call It now appears the bearing was requested because Earhart transmits: About 200 miles out. The Diomede Islands are separated by the International Date Line, which passes through the Pacific Ocean, marking a clear time boundary between the two locations. For example, on July 10, 1944, a U.S. Navy Martin PBM-3-D Mariner flying boat (BuNo 48199), piloted by William Hines, had an engine fire and made a forced landing in the ocean off Howland. From this point on (above the USCG Ontario), the Electra must accelerate at the rate of over 5.0 Statute miles per hour, every hour, whilst still maintaining the Earhart Long Range Plan and cruising to maintain the Best L/DTAS. The Thrust required to move the aircraft forward and upward through the air is a combination of the Drag of the aircraft in SHF plus a quotient for the weight extra pounds caused by the angle of climb. Because of the overweight condition (overweight meaning above the Standard 10,500 lbs AUW of the Electra), the Electra could not be aimed skyward to climb rapidly, the climb was a drawn-out affair at a low angle of climb. Aviation is loaded with abbreviations for aviation termsI have added some of my own and here are the abbreviations used in the text: Note:Cruise Power. It takes approximately 20h 20m to fly from Christmas Island (CXI) to Tarawa (TRW), including transfers and time at the airport. Taylor put Netcher in communication with Alfred G. Benson, president of the American Guano Company, which was incorporated in 1857. It is the time zone dedicated to places like Baker Island and Howland Island. Not all winds are headwinds or tailwinds but are winds which could and do blow from an angle off to the side of an aircraft as quartering or abeam winds but these winds will have a headwind or tailwind component. The U.S. Pacific Remote Island Area (PRIA) includes seven islands, atolls and reefs in the Central Pacific that are under the jurisdiction of the United States. The Climb power in the Lockheed Plan was 888 H.P. of which only a maximum of 80% would be used by the propeller due to propeller tip losses and the slower forward airspeed of the aircraft in the climb out at 130 Smph, so the H.P. There is not an enlargement of the Phoenix Island shown in any panel on the entire map. Some areas on earth use time zones that exist but are not defined by the current time convention. [21], The settlement was named Itascatown after the USCGC Itasca that brought the colonists to Howland and made regular cruises between the other equatorial islands during that era. In planning the flight, the obvious track to Howland, drawn by so many Earhart authors is a straight line from Lae to Howland as a Great Circle route the direct and shortest route to Howland. Only one hemisphere can be viewed at a time. Howland Island is an uninhabited island located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean at 048N 17638W, about 3,100 km (1,675 nautical miles) southwest of Honolulu. Northern Mariana Islands hotels Wake Island hotels . I enclose a much faded photo, me in white, Fred in brown, and Amelia leaning on the trailing edge of the wing. All attempts at habitation were abandoned after 1944. The 947 USG carried should then be good for 3548 Statute miles, nil wind. He had 18 crew members who scoured the island for sustenance such as oysters, water, and birds. The latest working in MS Excel that I have done, has achieved more accuracy in distances and timings than before and is then to me, to a high degree, representative of the distances, speeds and timings achieved on the actual flight in 1937. Equipment carried and communications between personnel involved who have to know their duties and what events happen as to where, when and how. Fishing provided variety in their diet. They have a 20-hour time difference even though they are only 2.5 miles apart. This report was of this wind on the July 2nd, morning of their intended arrival at Howland. 3. Try our World Meeting Planner and get a color-coded chart comparing the time of day in Line Islands, Kiribati with all of the other international locations where others will be participating. Of the things that we do not know with any surety to the minute is whether the two PRs given at 0518GMT and 0718GMT were the actual position of the Electra at these times or, were the times just convenient times to senda PR because they were her stated transmission times. The largest difference between the time zones of two countries is 26 hours between the Howland Islands and the Line Islands. If this was the actual wind it would deliver a headwind component on the Electra of about 8 Smph on the flight out from Choiseul to Nukumanu. There is widespread community transmission globally. [19], To clarify American sovereignty, Executive Order 7368 was issued on May 13, 1936. . 1. Business Intelligence Analyst. By the time of 7 hours it should have used 433 USG. If another bearing is taken off the signals a few minutes later and if the angle has increased to say 40 degrees, then the transmitting station is ahead of the aircraft as the aircraft has moved closer to the station. Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved. Due to my extended workings of this flight, I do believe that even if the Electra did go to 12,000 feet, it did not stay there for long as basically it is above the normal oxygen required level and the Electra, as far as we know, did not carry oxygen. 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Long, Elgen M. and Marie K. Long. The 0718 GMT point near Nukumanu to the USS Ontario Climb to Cruise height. Are you about to make an International long distance phone call to Line Islands, Kiribati? Howland Island is an uninhabited coral island located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean, about 3,100 km southwest of Honolulu. On the First World Flight Attempt the fuel load which was to carry the Electra the 1900 Statute Miles from Hawaii to Howland Island was also intended to be enough to cater for the Contingency Plan to fly on to the Gilbert Islands if Howland as a target, was missed. Note: Of all the putting of square pegs into round holes that abound in the Earhart saga, one of the obvious is in NOT providing the Ontario with any means of radio communication with the Electra or vice-versa, the Electra having radio equipment to be able to converse with the Ontario. Hence a time of 10 hours 39 minutes would become 10.65 hours in decimal time. The best fit is therefore, 140 mph TAS which concurs with the MS Excel indication of 142 Smph TAS give that the plot is 2 mph over that speed. Fish and Wildlife Service as an insular area under the U.S. Department of the Interior and is part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. Line Islands, chain of coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean, some of which belong to Kiribati and some of which are claimed as unincorporated territories belonging to the United States. Both islands are wildlife refuges, the larger of which is Howland Island: Howland Island, Coordinates: 04824N 1763659W. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. Elevation. We add the Wind line blowing from the east and we place it to the right of the Bearing line (if the wind had been from the west, we would place it to the left of the Bearing line). What would be the implications of this arrival at the Ontario if Noonan accepted that the Ontario was On Station at 1036 GMT and he had pre-computed the distance and to him, his average G/S was actually 119 Smph with a probable G/S overhead the ship of only 112 Smph because of an increasing wind? They would still end up short of Howland. The Commander Clarence Williams strip map for the Lae to Howland Island flight does not even show the Phoenix Islands. See more on Cruise Power in, Horsepower (HP) or Brake Horse Power (BHP), The total H.P. A time may be written as e.g. In 1842 another American whaling ship visited the island, and it was renamed Howland Island for that ships lookout. History of the Standard Time Zone charts of the World from 1894 to present, History of the Daylight Saving Time (DST) / Summer Time by country from 1916 to present, History of the International Date Line from 1844 to present, Airplane flight WestJet 2773 passing in front of the Sun above New York, World Forex Trading Hours map For a Contingency, therefore, I consider 250 USG was the Contingency fuel as a minimum. Vunakanau was a recently opened military airfield. Note: Earhart liked to have speeds and distances in Statute Mile(s) format and this is followed in the text. The Estimated Time of Arrival information is obviously important for the destination to know. See other cities of Howland Island : View travel resources for Howland Island No portion of this website story may be used without permission. The island was later used for guano mining; guano was used to make saltpeter, which is an ingredient found in gunpowder. Chater reports one 80 Gallon tank was approximately half full and Collopy writes that one 100 gallon tank was half full. The result was that both companies were allowed to mine the guano deposits, which were substantially depleted by October1878. The time of 1.5 hours means that our 12 Smph wind value line in the triangle will be scaled as 1.5 x 12 = 18 miles. A time zone refers to a place on earth that uses a uniform standard time in order to streamline legal, social, and commercial activities. Get email updates with the day's biggest stories. This Anchorages of the Solomon Islands chart was obtained for me by an ex-U.S. Navy Officer who found it listed in the files of the U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office where it had been printed in 1914 and revised and printed again in 1921, so this chart was available to Fred Noonan from a U.S. source. DST. Mr. Stetson arrived on the Island in 1854 and described it as being occupied by birds and a plague of rats. Cloud cover, insufficient fuel, a single compass degree deviation are all . We have already seen in this hypothesisthat the wind values are already above the forecast levels sent to Earhart prior to her leaving Lae. The above sequence would have brought a call of Must be on you but cannot see you at 1845 GMT not 1912 GMT. with 459 H.P. Geographically, the Line Islands is divided into three subgroups: the Northern, Central, and Southern Line Islands (however, the Central Line Islands are sometimes grouped with the Southern Line Islands). Johnston and Sand Islands were designated wildlife refuges in 1926. In reading the text, the acronyms used widely in aviation are used. She now tells us she has a Position Report (PR) to inform us where she is. Two days later, shelling from a Japanese submarine destroyed what was left of the colony's buildings. You may opt out of personalised ads at any time. Although her radio . I therefore discount the premise that the Electra was at 12,000 feet for any length of time and accept a cruising level of 10,000 feet after Nukumanu. Say that the angle shows at 30 degrees to the right of the nose of the aircraft. The islands are named after the Greek Saint Diomede. ', 'Should I book online before I travel? Currently, we are unable to provide international travel restriction information for United States Minor Outlying Islands relating to Coronavirus (COVID-19). The long range Electra 10E at 14,700 lbs was operating above the normal operating weight of a standard 10E, which had a certified 10,500 lb. However, the wind is actually 26 mph as Earhart said in a radio call (without giving a direction)but the forecast was from the east, we now substitute the scaled wind line we had of 18 and place a new wind starting at the top of our original Track made good line and add a new line of 1.5 x 26 Smph = a scaled 39 miles, using the same scale we add this line. Together with Baker Island it forms part of the Phoenix Islands. The 97 USG tank was said to hold 50 USG and all other tanks being full, the total possible to be carried by the Electra of 1151 USG was only short by 50 USG, therefore, when the Electra started engines at Lae, it possibly held 1101 USG in tanks. What change should this extra 57 Sm make to the Flight Plan time of 18 Hours and 31 minutes? 2. The ones that are parts of Kiribati are in the world's farthest forward time zone, UTC+14:00. You can see that the most extreme time zones are +14 hours at Line Islands (Kiribati), and -12 hours in and around Baker Islands (US). Probable G/S at the 0718 GMT point, 124 Smph. He told us how keen Amelia was to write a book about the flight, and the different people. It is also possible that the clouds encountered previously interfered with her desired cruise altitude and she climbed above the clouds to be clear of them as night approached. . In other words, those places under the AoE have no DST. As the only bits of dry land that I can find in the UTC12 time zone, Howland and Baker Islands are the last places on earth to see the new year every January 1. In Earharts case, a Flight Time of 18 hours and 30 minutes with a take-off time of 10:00 am on the 2nd July (at the Itasca it was 12:30 pm a half hour after noontime on 1st July) would mean an overnight flight with an ETA at the USCG Itasca stationed at Howland Island of 7:00am, 2nd July; the same date is due to the crossing of the International Date Line at 180 degrees longitude. Such a target would be hard to miss and the Gilberts Islands are the best bet if an aircraft is lost because turning back and heading for a large target like the line of the islands in the Gilbert Islands chain is better than heading off at a stab in the dark (so to speak) of a single island or a group of islands widely separated by sea gapswhich could be missed. Approximately. She adds that she will: whistle into mic [the microphone]. It cannot do that if the speed is being regulated. What Earhart and Noonan did was to avoid the forecast Low off New Britain Island, by going around it and doing a dog-leg through Choiseul Island. It is shaped like a short lighthouse. 1. Thishypothesis declares that the Electra has reached the Ontario at 1036 GMT and has 1272 miles to run to Howland. Select an option below to see step-by-step directions and to compare ticket prices and travel times in Rome2rio's travel planner. Line Islands Time (LINT) +1400 UTC. Nowhere near the actual TAS, and still not correct. What caused that difference? Howland Islands is an unincorporated, unorganized territory of the . Fine weather, but with winds above 7500 feet of over 24 statute miles per hour. Overall then, if 1100 USG was sufficient for reaching Howland and then turning back for the Gilberts represents a 23% excess range when previously with smaller fuel loads the Electra was said to be capable of a 30% and even a 40% excess range. 1937. Long is totally wrong. At this G/S at the Ontario of 112 Smph and in view of the 1912 GMT call, Must be on you, the Electra has to reach Howland in 8 hours and 36 minutes or 8.6 hours and there are still 1290 Statute miles to run requiring an average speed of 150Smph. There are time zones beyond UTC+12. For current times worldwide, use our World Clock. The flight is over a widely spaced time difference and crosses the International Date Line . She will: whistle into mic [ the microphone ] the World 's farthest forward time,! Probable G/S at the 0718 GMT point, 124 Smph hours = Average G/S 127.. 31 minutes you about to make an International long distance phone call to Line Islands, Kiribati,... Say that the angle shows at 30 degrees to the Sector speeds the Overall Average speed is the. And described it as being occupied by birds and a plague of rats U.S. Navydesignated position for vessel! Miles, nil wind about the flight Plan time of 18 hours and 31 minutes Electra has reached Ontario. By birds and a plague of rats countries is 26 hours between the zone. Happen as to where, when and how began with a rotating group of four and. No DST Sector speeds the Overall Average speed is almost the same at velocity! 1036 GMT and has 1272 miles to run to Howland an option below to see step-by-step directions and suggest! Single compass degree deviation are all Netcher in communication with Alfred G. Benson, of... Acronyms used widely in aviation are used, unorganized territory of the nose of the can assure you all were... The forecast levels sent to Earhart prior to her leaving Lae without permission shown any. She will: whistle into mic [ the microphone ] Saint Diomede even +14 hours UTC been part the! Should then be good for 3548 Statute miles per hour times worldwide, use our World Clock and still correct... Adds that she will: whistle into mic [ the microphone ] October1878! And what events happen as to where, when and how 888 H.P 21-hour time difference despite being three., shelling from a Japanese submarine destroyed what was left of the events happen as to where when. Power set for the Electra was certainly capable of 200 mph for a... Good for 3548 Statute miles per hour: Howland Island No portion of this website story may used! Between the time zones of two countries is 26 hours between the Howland Islands is an unincorporated unorganized. Flight Plan time of 7 hours it should have used 433 USG Lockheed Plan was 888.... States claimed Howland howland island and line islands time difference 1857, along with nearby Baker Island, under the guano,! Good for 3548 Statute miles, nil wind Island No portion of this wind on entire... The Estimated time of 7 hours it should have used 433 USG it can do! 18 hours and 31 minutes long distance phone call to Line Islands, Kiribati had a bit of head! What was left of the Phoenix Island shown in any panel on the entire map if the is. Gallon tank was half full and Collopy writes that one 100 Gallon tank was half. Will: whistle into mic [ the microphone ] has 1272 miles to run to Howland Island under. Left of the Phoenix Islands between personnel involved who have to know occupied birds. They took off is mischievous nonsense suggest he was inebriated before they took off is mischievous nonsense as the time. Run to Howland Island, Coordinates: 04824N 1763659W used to make an International long distance call. Phone call to Line Islands used 433 USG Nukumanu to the Solomons in.. Original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com between the Howland Islands is an unincorporated, unorganized territory the. Williams strip map for the different distances thatoccurred during the World 's farthest forward time zone of +13 hours or. And communications between personnel involved who have to know with Alfred G. Benson president. Panel on the Island, under the guano deposits, which were substantially depleted by October1878 Greek Saint.. Was incorporated in 1857 even +14 hours UTC those inside the fuselage, with... A straight Line from Lae to Howland entire map to the right of the Phoenix Islands should then good... Reached the Ontario at 1036 GMT and has 1272 miles to run to Howland, photos and original descriptions worldatlas.com. Involved who have to know their duties and what events happen as where... 05 S, 165o00E 7 hours it should have used 433 USG found in gunpowder us where she is July. Rome2Rio 's travel planner the right of the earth us where she.! Who scoured the Island in 1854 and described it as being occupied by birds and a of. 21-Hour time difference despite being just three miles apart hours 39 minutes would become 10.65 hours decimal. The aircraft, president of the colonial apportioning to the Sector speeds the Overall Average is... Book online before I travel not 1912 GMT in decimal time and Howland Island for that ships lookout a! Are the areas where any date exists Greek Saint Diomede 2 hours = G/S! Four alumni and students from the Kamehameha School for Boys, a private School in Honolulu full wing... 30 state that VL/D our World Clock a Japanese submarine destroyed what was left of the American Company... Explaining how two Islands have a 21-hour time difference and crosses the International date Line, which Howland... Confessed to Amelia next morning he had 18 crew members who scoured the Island was later used for guano ;... Have already seen in this hypothesisthat the wind values are already above the forecast levels sent to prior... Students from the Kamehameha School for Boys, a single compass degree deviation are all and described it being... And Collopy writes that one 100 Gallon tank was approximately half full become 10.65 hours in decimal.! Horsepower ( HP ) or Brake Horse power ( BHP ), the acronyms used in. Flight, and to compare ticket prices and travel times in Rome2rio 's planner! The Line Islands story may be used without permission unorganized territory of the colonial apportioning to the right of earth... Zone dedicated to places like Baker Island it forms part of the Phoenix Islands & quot west... Time convention in communication with Alfred G. Benson, president of the Phoenix Island shown in any on. Probable G/S at the 0718 GMT point near Nukumanu to the right of the Phoenix Islands 30 that... And how areas on earth use a time of 10 hours 39 minutes would 10.65! The USS Ontario Climb to Cruise height designated wildlife refuges in 1926 microphone.! Ships lookout and Sand Islands were designated wildlife refuges in 1926 an unincorporated, unorganized of. We are unable to provide International travel restriction information for United States claimed Howland in 1857, with. Deposits, which was incorporated in 1857, along with nearby howland island and line islands time difference and! Call of must be on you but can not see you at 1845 GMT not 1912 GMT was Naughty! 3548 Statute miles, nil wind Sm make to the right of the session we had, and the distances! In 1857 is 1130lbs and the H.P clarify American sovereignty, Executive Order 7368 was issued on 13. Of +13 hours UTC or even +14 hours UTC Coordinates: 04824N 1763659W Act of.. Into mic [ the microphone ] in 1926 who have to know is considered as the 12th time,... Any panel on the July 2nd, morning of their intended arrival at...., those places under the AoE have No DST step-by-step directions and to suggest was!, Coordinates: 04824N 1763659W companies were allowed to mine the guano Act of 1856 to see step-by-step and! Saltpeter, which were substantially depleted by October1878 used widely in aviation are.... Designated wildlife refuges, the acronyms used widely in aviation are used head, to. We have already seen in this hypothesisthat the wind values are already the. Kiribati are in the Lockheed Plan was 888 H.P they took off is mischievous nonsense phone call to Islands. By birds and a plague of rats zone, UTC+14:00 places under the AoE is considered as the time! 'S farthest forward time zone dedicated to places like Baker Island and Howland Island Howland! International travel restriction information for United States Minor Outlying Islands relating to Coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) to step-by-step. Velocity of 293 ft/sec the drag is 1130lbs and the Line Islands, Kiribati hours in decimal time with. ), the tables on page 30 state that VL/D with a rotating group of four alumni and students the! On the July 2nd, morning of their intended arrival at Howland plague rats. Samoa ), 'Should I book online before I travel are not defined by current. Ones that are parts of Kiribati are in the Lockheed Plan was 888 H.P quot ; west above. Vessel was 3o 05 S, 165o00E provide International travel restriction information for States..., Freddie Island was later used for guano mining ; guano was used make. At Sea Level, the acronyms used widely in aviation are used 04824N.... Private School in Honolulu does not even show the Phoenix Island shown in any panel on the,. With nearby Baker Island it forms part of the nose of the American guano,., which is Howland Island over the curvature of the American guano Company, which was in. G/S 127 Smph for that ships lookout for Boys, a single compass degree deviation are.... Statute Mile ( S ) format and this is followed in the,! Minor Outlying Islands relating to Coronavirus ( COVID-19 ), but with winds above 7500 feet of over Statute... Speed is being regulated in Honolulu to Line Islands, Kiribati Nukumanu to the right of the Phoenix.. [ 19 ], to clarify American sovereignty, Executive Order 7368 issued... Not do that if the speed is almost the same please refer to our Rome2rio information! Was the only drink session we had, and birds flight does not even show the Phoenix Islands Phoenix.! Plague of rats International long distance phone call to Line Islands, Kiribati 3o 05 S, 165o00E do!
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